Haɓaka na ƙarshe a cikin ƙirƙira fasaha donmasana'antar tagullaya faru ne a cikin shekaru ashirin na farko na wannan karni, lokacin da buɗaɗɗen haƙar ma'adinan rami, maida hankali kan ruwa, da narkar da na'urar reverberatory aka daidaita su zuwa ga tagulla na porphyry.

Ban da leaching-solvent Extrac tion-electrowinning, ainihin hanyoyin da ake amfani da shi a kowace samarwa ba su canza ba har tsawon shekaru 65. Bugu da ƙari, shida daga cikin ma'adinan da aka buɗe tsakanin 1900 da 1920 har yanzu suna cikin manyan masu samar da tagulla a Amurka a yau.

Maimakon babban ci gaba, ƙirƙira fasahar fasaha a cikin masana'antar tagulla a cikin shekaru 65 da suka gabata ya ƙunshi sauye-sauye masu yawa waɗanda suka baiwa kamfanoni damar yin amfani da ƙananan ma'adanai da ci gaba da rage farashin samarwa. Tattalin arzikin ma'auni ya kasance na gaske

ized a cikin dukkan matakai na samar da tagulla. Dukansu ma chine da yawan amfanin ɗan adam sun ƙaru sosai.

Wannan babin a taƙaice yana bayanin fasahar samar da tagulla, daga bincike, ta hanyar hakar ma'adinai da niƙa, zuwa narkewa da tacewa ko hakar sauran ƙarfi da lantarki. Babi na farawa da bayyani na tarihin ɗan sanda na ci gaban fasaha. Sa'an nan, ga kowane

mataki na samar da tagulla, yana yin bitar yanayin hayar na zamani, yana gano ci gaban fasaha na kwanan nan, nazarin yuwuwar ci gaban nan gaba da bincike da buƙatun ci gaba, kuma yana yin la'akari da mahimmancin ƙarin ci gaba ga gasa na masana'antar Amurka. Hoto na 6-1

yana nuna zane-zanen kwarara don pyrometallurgical' da hydrometallurgical

2 samar da tagulla. Tebura na 6-1 da 6-2 suna ba da taƙaitaccen bayani game da waɗannan hanyoyin.

1 PyrometaIIurgy SHINE cirewar metaI daga ma'adanai da kuma abubuwan da aka tattara ta amfani da halayen sinadarai a yanayin zafi.

2 Hydrometallurgy shine dawo da metaIs daga ma'adanai ta amfani da mafita na tushen ruwa.

Tun daga shekara ta 6000 BC, an sami jan ƙarfe na asali-ƙarfe mai tsafta-a matsayin duwatsu masu ja a cikin yankin ƙasar Med da aka yi masa guduma cikin kayan aiki, makamai, da kayan aiki. Kusan 5000 BC, masu sana'a sun gano cewa zafi ya sa jan ƙarfe ya fi ƙarfin. An fara yin simintin ƙarfe da narkewar jan ƙarfe a kusan 4000-3500 BC (duba adadi 6-2). Kimanin shekara ta 2500 BC, an haɗa tagulla tare da tin don yin tagulla-garin da ke ba da damar makamai da kayan aiki masu ƙarfi. Brass, gami da jan ƙarfe da zinc, mai yiwuwa ba a haɓaka ba sai 300 AD

An fara haƙa Copper (akasin yadda ake samu a ƙasa) a cikin kwarin Timna a Isra’ila—wani kango da aka yi imani da cewa wurin da ake hakar ma’adinan Sarki Solomon ne (duba adadi na 6-3). Phoenicians da Remans, waɗanda suka yi aikin haƙar ma'adinai masu girma a Cyprus da kuma yankin Rio Tinto a kudancin Spain, sun fara samun ci gaba a aikin hako tagulla da hanyoyin haƙar ma'adinai. Misali, 'yan kabilar Roman sun gano gawawwakin tama mai siffar ruwan tabarau kusan 100 a gundumar tagulla ta Rio Tinto. Masanan ilimin kasa na zamani sun sami ƙarin adibas kaɗan kawai, kuma kusan dukkanin abubuwan da Rio Tinto ke samarwa na zamani sun samo asali ne daga ma'adinan da Remans suka fara ganowa.

3 A Rio Tinto, Remans sun haƙa na sama, santsi, wani ɓangare na ma'adinan kuma sun tattara maganin Iaden na jan karfe da ruwa ya samar a hankali yana gangarowa ta jikin suIfide. Lokacin da murƙushe ke ci gaba da wannan bangare na Spain yayin Tsakiyar Tsakanin Tsakanin Tsakanin Tsakanin Tsakiya, sai a fara fitar da Nat Likita a Rio Tinto a cikin karni na 20.

A Biritaniya, an yi aikin tagulla da kwano a bangon Masara kuma ana yin ciniki tare da Phoenicians a farkon 1500 BC Remans sun kawo ingantattun fasahohin ƙarfe na ƙarfe ga Biritaniya.